As classes gramaticais em inglês - Formação de palavras

FORMAÇÃO DE PALAVRAS

As classes gramaticais em inglês

A gramática divide as palavras em várias categorias diferentes: substantivos, adjetivos, advérbios, etc. Você deve lembrar-se desses nomes da época da escola, não? Pois em inglês esses nomes também existem. Mas calma, antes de você entrar em desespero, quero dizer que tudo isso é muito mais simples do que parece! Primeiramente, dê uma olhada nesse versinho, usado para decorar as categorias gramaticais em inglês.

Every name is called a noun,

As field and fountain, street and town

In place of noun the pronoun stands

As he and she can clap their hands.

The adjective describes a thing,

As magic wand or bridal ring.

Most verbs mean action, something do

To read and write, to jump and run.

How things are done the adverbs tell

As quickly, slowly, badly, well.

The preposition shows relation,

As in the street or at the station.

Conjunctions join, in many ways,

Sentences, words, or phrase and phrases

The interjection cries out, “Heed!

An exclamation point must

follow me!”

Classificação das palavras em Inglês

Part of speech	Use	Examples
Noun – são os substantivos as palavras que dão nome as pessoas, lugares, coisas ou ideias.	Names: Perhaps the words most frequently used are those by which we identify someone or something. These labels, or name words, are called nouns. A noun names a person, place, thing, or idea.	Martha likes fish. Field (campo) Fountain (fonte) Street (rua) Town (cidade
Pronoun – são os pronomes que indicam pessoas e coisas. Servem para representar um substantivo e para acompanhá-lo determinando-lhe a extensão do significado.	A pronoun is a word used in a place of a noun. One way to refer to something is to use the noun that names it. We usually have to do this to make clear what we mean. However, once we have made clear the identity of the person or thing we are talking we can make other references without having to give the name each time.	You and I must change this.
Adjective – são os adjetivos que caracterizam as coisas. Indicam as qualidades, origem e estado do ser. O adjetivo é essencialmente um modificador do substantivo.	Modifies a noun or a pronoun. Sometimes we wish to describe or make more definite a noun or pronoun we use. We then modify the word by using an adjective. An adjective modifies a noun or a pronoun. To modify a word means to describe the word or to make its meaning more definite. An adjective modifies a noun or a pronoun by answering one of these questions: What kind? Which one? How many?	What a hot day! They were angry.
Verb – exprimem as ações isto é, um acontecimento representado no tempo. Indicam ação, fato, estado ou fenômeno. Toda palavra que se pode conjugar	Shows action or helps to make a statement. A noun or a pronoun, no matter how many modifiers it may have, cannot make a sentence. The noun or pronoun must act in some way, or something must be said about it. The part of speech that performs this function is the verb. A verb is a word that expresses action or otherwise helps to make a statement.	They played and sang. He is a senior.
Adverb – são os advérbios que mostram como as coisas são feitas. É fundamentalmente um modificador do verbo, podendo também modificar um adjetivo, outro advérbio ou uma oração inteira	Modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. You know that nouns and pronouns are modified by adjectives. Verbs and adjectives may have modifiers, too, and their modifiers are called adverbs. Adverbs may also modify other adverbs. An adverb is a word used to modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.	We soon quit. I am very sad. It happened quite suddenly.
Preposition – são as preposições que determinam relações entre as coisas	Relates a noun or a pronoun to another word. Certain words function in a sentence as relaters. That is, they relate nouns and pronouns to other nouns and pronouns, to verbs, or to modifiers. These words are called prepositions. A preposition is a word that shows the relationship of a noun or a pronoun to some other word in the sentence.	Two of the gifts under the Christmas tree had my name on them.
Conjunctions – são as conjunções que ligam as palavras e frases	A conjunction joins words or groups of words. There are three kinds of conjunctions: coordinating conjunctions, correlative conjunctions, and subordinating conjunctions.	or and but though although because then
Interjections – são as interjeições que representam sons, falas, etc. frases de significado emotivo.	An interjection is an exclamatory word that expresses emotion. It has no grammatical relation to the rest of the sentence. Interjections are not connectives or modifiers. Since they are unrelated to other words in the sentence, they are set off from the rest of the sentence. They are usually followed by an exclamation point. Sometimes, however, when the exclamation is mild, the interjection may be followed by a comma	“stop!” “ouch!” “ugh!” “damn”” “Oops!” “oh,no!”

Você não precisa saber tudo isso de cor e salteado, basta ter uma noção de cada uma das categorias gramaticais. Nas lições futuras, veremos mais um pouco sobre cada categoria, e como eles funcionam.